![]() In conclusion, we can and do have antibodies for more antigens than we will ever encounter, and we have then before ever encountering them. Likewise, someone with an O type blood won't have both the A and B antigens, and so cells producing antibodies that bind to them will be allowed to mature, and they will have anti-A and anti-B antibodies circulating in the blood. Organisms with the A antigen will present it to maturing lymphocytes and thus create tolerance to it, not having cells producing A-antigen binding antibodies but they don't have the B antigen, so their lymphocytes won't be selected over it, and they will have cells producing B-antigen binding antibodies, which, if such antigen is introduced into the body, will mount an immune response against it. In this process, specialized cells present a myriad of self-antigens to the maturing lymphocytes, signalizing them to undergo apoptosis or become regulatory cells if they bind to them. Solution 2Īntibody-producing cells (B lymphocytes) generate antibodies through a gene recombination process, that allows a virtually infinite number of antibodies to different antigens to be created, including against self-antigens ( (D)J_recombination).Ī process of maturation, if working correctly, allows for those cells producing antibodies that strongly bind to self-antigens to be suppressed or eliminated, preventing autoimmune attacks ( ). People with type AB blood: they won't produce antibodies (regarding A and B antigens).People with type O blood: they will produce anti-B and anti-B antibodies.People with type B blood: they will produce anti-A antibodies.People with type A blood: they will produce anti-B antibodies.As we get in contacts with antigens A and B, this is what happens: Thus, from an early age, we have contact with the antigens, coming from food or bacteria in our digestive system. This happens at an early age because sugars that are identical to, or very similar to, the ABO blood group antigens are found throughout nature. Their production is stimulated when the immune system encounters the "missing" ABO blood group antigens in foods or in micro-organisms. The answer is: there was contact with the antigens, even without a blood transfusion.Īccording to Laura Dean ( Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens, chapter 5):ĪBO antibodies in the serum are formed naturally. That being said, how it's possible a type O individual producing anti-A and anti-B antibodies without having any contact with the antigens? And that is the same as asking "how it's possible a type A individual producing anti-B antibodies without having any contact with the antigen?" If a person has the genes -, the Rh factor will be negative.Ī baby receives one gene from the father and one from the mother.To understand what's happening here, let's have a look at the actual ABH (or ABO) antigens:Īs you can see, they are not very big molecules: quite the opposite, they are relatively small globosides. ![]() If a person has the genes + -, the Rh factor will also be positive. If a person has the genes + +, the Rh factor in the blood will be positive. The Rh-positive gene is dominant (stronger) and even when paired with an Rh-negative gene, the positive gene takes over. Rh factors follow a common pattern of genetic inheritance. A baby may have the blood type and Rh factor of either parent, or a combination of both parents. The following are the possible combinations of blood types with the Rh factors: If there is no Rh factor protein, the person is Rh- negative. If the Rh factor protein is present on the cells, the person is Rh-positive. The Rh factor is a protein that is found on the covering of the red blood cells. The blood type is found as proteins on red blood cells and in body fluids. The blood type and the Rh factor simply mean that a person's blood has certain specific characteristics. Every person has a blood type, (O, A, B, or AB) and an Rh factor, either positive or negative.
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